Data & Research January 18, 2017

Gender Pay Gap Affects Women's Retirement Savings

Women must save more than men to build an equivalent nest egg, NerdWallet finds.
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The average American woman must save $1.25 for every $1 a man invests in retirement savings to build an equivalent nest egg, a NerdWallet data analysis shows.

For every dollar men earn, women in the U.S. make 80 cents on average, according to the latest available data. That wage gap can lead to an even bigger divide down the road when it comes to retirement savings in a 401(k), NerdWallet says.

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The company looked at U.S. Census Bureau data from 2007 and 2015 and found Rhode Island saw the earnings difference narrow the most. There, women have to save for retirement at a rate of $1.17 for every $1 men put away. In Oklahoma—the bottom-ranking state for wage gap improvement during the same time period—women planning for retirement would need to sock away $1.37 for every $1 men save.

NerdWallet notes this doesn’t mean women need to move. “Research suggests the issue isn’t so much that a woman working as a bank teller in any given state makes less than her male colleague at the next window; rather, it’s that the odds are greater that he will rise to bank manager someday,” it says.

“The wage gap means women need to save more of every dollar they earn to accumulate the same amount of money as men,” says Arielle O’Shea, NerdWallet’s investing and retirement specialist. “That’s difficult to achieve, particularly when women spend more time out of the workforce to raise children or care for family members. Retirement savings may be put on hold during those times, and employer matching dollars are left on the table.”

More of the analysis is available here.
Data & Research January 17, 2017

More IRA Owners Contributing the Maximum

Higher growth in account balances was found among consistent IRA owners.
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Most owners of individual retirement accounts (IRAs) do not contribute to them every year—but more than half of those who contribute put in the maximum amount allowed by law, according to the most recent analysis of the Employee Benefit Research Institute’s (EBRI)’s IRA Database.

EBRI found considerable differences by IRA type in whether IRA owners who have maintained their IRA for five years (consistent account owners) are likely to contribute, as well as the number of years they contribute. For instance, among traditional IRA owners, nearly 88% did not contribute in any of the five years studied, while barely 2% contributed all five years. In contrast, nearly 62% of Roth IRA owners did not contribute in any year, but more than 10% contributed in all five years. Roth IRA owners in their 20s were most likely to contribute to their accounts.

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While the percentage of IRA owners who contribute to their account remained relatively consistent across the five years of EBRI’s study, those who contributed the maximum rose from 43.5% in 2010 to 53.5% in 2012. Increases during that time occurred for each IRA type, with owners of traditional IRAs having higher likelihoods of contributing the maximum in each year. Because the maximum allowable contribution was raised in 2013, the percentage contributing the maximum overall fell from 53.5% in 2012 to 43.3% in 2013. But in 2014, the likelihood of contributing the maximum among those who contributed increased again, reaching 55.4%.

Higher growth in account balances was found in the consistent sample of IRA owners compared with the annual snapshot sample. While the cross-sectional overall average account balance increased 38.9% from 2010 to 2014, the increase for those IRA owners who continuously owned IRAs from 2010 to 2014 was 45.8%.

NEXT: Consistent account owners balances and withdrawals increase

For consistent account owners, the overall average balance increased each year—from $92,087 in 2010 to $93,036 in 2011, to $104,970 in 2012, to $122,272 in 2013, and to $134,244 in 2014. Average balances for each gender also increased each year.

Among consistent account owners, the percentage of individuals taking a withdrawal from a traditional or Roth IRA rose from 12.9% in 2010, to 15.4% in 2011, to 16.7% in 2012, to 18.5% in 2013, and to 19.6% in 2014. This pattern is the result of the increasing percentage of individuals in this sample surpassing the required minimum distribution (RMD) age each year due to the same individuals being in the sample from year to year.

For the annual cross-sectional snapshot, the percentage allocated to equities decreased from 45.7% in 2010 to 44.4% in 2011 before a sharp increase in 2012 to 52.1%, then rising to 55.7% in 2014. The amount allocated to balanced funds was constant from 2010 to 2011 before a slight decline in 2012 and an even smaller uptick in 2013 and in 2014. The percentage in money increased in 2011 and fell through 2014.

Using the EBRI IRA Database, this latest EBRI analysis specifically examines the trends in account balances, contributions, withdrawals, and asset allocation in IRAs from 2010 to 2014. Results from both the annual cross-sectional sample and a consistent sample of IRA owners who have been in the database in each year from 2010 to 2014 are presented. This allows for the investigation of the behavior in IRAs that are continuously maintained, instead of the results being affected by new and former IRA owners.

The full report, "Individual Retirement Account Balances, Contributions, Withdrawals, and Asset Allocation Longitudinal Results 2010–2014: The EBRI IRA Database," is published in the January 17 EBRI Issue Brief, online at www.ebri.org.

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