Compliance June 26, 2019

Self-Correction and Compliance Tips from Former IRS Attorney

There are many fiduciaries out there who are not educated on the voluntary corrections programs run by DOL and IRS. Former IRS staffer Lisa Tavares says they are taking unnecessary risk.
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Art by Doris Liou


Lisa Tavares, employee benefits and executive compensation partner at Venable LLP and former attorney with the IRS Office of Chief Counsel, recently sat down with PLANADVISER for an in-depth discussion about her experiences interfacing directly with IRS and Department of Labor (DOL) officials on issues related to retirement plan administration, regulatory compliance, and government enforcement initiatives.

In her current practice, Tavares regularly assists clients (mainly governmental plans) with various self-correction programs, such as the IRS Employee Plans Compliance Resolution System (EPCRS), the DOL Voluntary Fiduciary Compliance Program (VFCP), and the Voluntary Closing Agreement Program—an IRS program that assists plan sponsors with resolving certain income or excise tax issues involving tax-deferred retirement plans established under the Internal Revenue Code that can’t be corrected through EPCRS.

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According to Tavares, while some employers have strongly embraced their fiduciary duties and work with counsel that is expert in retirement plan compliance, there are still many employers out there that are relying on general counsel or other potentially problematic resources to help them meet the requirements of the Employee Retirement Income Security Act (ERISA). As Tavares and others note, specialized expertise in this area may come at a premium, but the cost of ensuring compliance is modest compared with what can be paid while defending drawn-out lawsuits.

“I believe that some of the increased participant interest in filing litigation comes from the broader discussion about litigation in the financial and general media,” Tavares says. “We remain in an environment in which employees are more suspect and critical of decisions that plan fiduciaries are making. It takes diligence and dedication to keep the plan in the best position to be able to defend against the various questions and issues that inevitably come up over time.”

Looking back over the course of her career, Tavares says, the expectations put on retirement plan fiduciaries have radically evolved from the perspective of regulators, courts and employees. Unfortunately, many employers and even some service providers still assume that plan fiduciaries will be given the benefit of the doubt so long as there is no evidence of willful wrongdoing or corruption.

“There used to be a general understanding that fiduciaries had the last word, but in the last decade this has changed,” Tavares warns. “Apart from activist litigators, we see more activist participants these days as well—participants that are eager to ask questions about fund changes and design changes. It has caused employers of all types to be worried about litigation, even when they are fully confident that they are running a generous and compliant retirement program.”

In Tavares’ view, one of the downfalls of not working with expert counsel in this area is a lack of understanding in and confidence about the difference between settlor functions and fiduciary functions, which stifles plan innovation and causes unnecessary stress for plan officials.

“The best tip I can give is that, as you go through all your decisions, it is incumbent upon plan fiduciaries to document their deliberations and their decision process,” Tavares says. “Practically, this may mean fleshing out your minutes to better reflect what fiduciaries have decided and why. It has to be more than just noting that a fund change happened. In this environment, you want to have a defensive strategy designed up front so that you can have a paper trail that can support you in the future, both in the event of employee inquiry and also in the case if there is litigation or an IRS or DOL investigation.”

Tavares adds that, in her estimation, the increase in litigation itself is creating misconceptions about what the fiduciary responsibility is and what it means to be treated well or not in a plan.

“No plan fiduciary should be leaving themselves exposed,” she warns. “They can’t rely on courts to defer to fiduciaries in a way that they may have done in the past. You really have to be more proactive in making sure, up front, that you have a strong case.”

Turning to the topic of self-corrections programs, Tavares says, the most common issues she comes across in her practice are untimely deferrals. Such issues can be effectively and efficiently self-corrected, she says, but many plan sponsors don’t avail themselves of this opportunity. Another common problem area pops up when a plan moves over the 100-participant threshold, which means the plan now must run independent financial audits. Tavares’ firm does “quite a lot of work” that comes after a plan’s first independent review raises red flags.

“We often hear from small business owners that are surprised that they paid an auditor to identify issues, but then the auditor is not be able to help them remedy the issues,” Tavares says. “This has caused a lot of unexpected grief for a lot of CEOs and CFOs running these businesses. Auditors might not even identify all the problems, either. They will tell you the problems they think you have with what they sampled, but in fact it’s up to the business owner to go in and certify how big of a problem this may be.”

In a phrase, Tavares says, there are many fiduciaries out there who are not educated on the voluntary programs, particularly in the smaller market segment, and they are taking unnecessary risk by not self-correcting.

“Again, your average small or mid-sized employer may not have expert employee benefits counsel, and they are not fully informed about these programs,” Tavares says. “Many rely on their recordkeeper for this type of support, and that’s helpful to some extent, but it’s not going to replace the level of compliance advice a skilled attorney can give.”

In terms of next-steps, Tavares recommends that at a minimum, plan fiduciaries should be correcting errors within the guidelines of the various self-corrections programs, even if they are not going to decide to formally enter the program.

“This is what we’ll do for some clients that come in after having gotten what is called an invitation letter from either the IRS or DOL,” Tavares says. “Such letters literally invite the plan sponsor to enter the self-corrections program. There is some debate out there whether receiving such a letter makes an audit more likely. The jury is out on that question, but such letters always cause a great deal of unease.”

Insight from IRS and DOL

As detailed on the IRS website, many mistakes in operating retirement plans can be self-corrected without filing a form with the IRS or paying a fee. Eligible operational failures include failure to follow the terms of the plan; excluding eligible participants; not making contributions promised under the plan terms; and loan failures.

Importantly, “document failures” aren’t eligible for self-correction. A document failure occurs when a plan sponsor doesn’t have a plan document up-to-date or if the plan document doesn’t fully comply with the tax law, IRS explains. 

Also of note, while an insignificant operational failure can be self-corrected at any time, plan fiduciaries must self-correct significant failures within a certain timeframe, as defined by a publically posted summary chart.

IRS staff determines “significance” based on the facts and circumstances, but general factors to consider include other failures in the same period (not how many people are affected); percentage of plan assets and contributions involved; number of years it occurred; participants affected relative to the total number in the plan; participants affected relative to how many could have been affected; and whether correction was made soon after discovery. The IRS guidance in this area emphasizes that no single factor is determinative of significance, meaning for example that failures are not necessarily significant just because they occur in more than one year.” The IRS states directly that its staff “will not interpret these factors to exclude small businesses.”

The IRS website offers up some examples, including the following: “The benefits of 50 of the 250 participants in Plan A are limited by the IRC Section 415(c) compensation limits, but the plan’s contributions for three of these employees nonetheless exceeded the maximum contribution limitations. The sponsor contributed $3,500,000 for the plan year, and the excess contributions totaled $4,550. This failure is insignificant because of the small ratio of the number of participants affected by the failure relative to the total number of participants who could have been affected and the amount of the failure relative to the total employer contribution to the plan for the plan year. The failure is still insignificant if the same failure occurred for three separate plan years, or if the three different participants were affected in each of the three years.”

Other eligibility requirements for self-correction are detailed on the IRS website. The plan sponsor “must have routinely followed established procedures to operate the plan in compliance with the law,” and “a plan document alone isn’t evidence of established procedures.”

For its part, the Department of Labor has also published helpful guidance and fact sheets about its Voluntary Fiduciary Compliance Program. According to DOL staff, “anyone who may be liable for fiduciary violations under ERISA, including employee benefit plan sponsors, officials, and parties in interest, may voluntarily apply for relief from enforcement actions, provided they comply with the criteria and satisfy the procedures outlined in the VFCP.”

The DOL requires that persons using the VFCP must fully and accurately correct violations. Incomplete or unacceptable applications may be rejected. If rejected, applicants may be subject to enforcement action, including assessment of civil monetary penalties under Sections 502(l) and 502(i) of ERISA.

Applicants do not need to consult or negotiate with the Employee Benefit Security Administration (EBSA) to use the VFCP. They merely need to follow the procedures outlined in the notice published in the April 19, 2006, Federal Register.

As spelled out by a DOL fact sheet, violations can be “fully and correctly resolved in four easy steps,” as follows:

  • Identify any violations and determine whether they fall within the transactions covered by the VFCP;
  • Follow the process for correcting specific violations (e.g., improper loans or incorrect valuation of plan assets);
  • Calculate and restore any losses or profits with interest, if applicable, and distribute any supplemental benefits to participants; and
  • File an application with the appropriate EBSA regional office that includes documentation showing evidence of corrective action taken.
Client Service June 19, 2019

A Crash Course in Social Security Maximization

Cost of living increases, claiming age, marital status and work history all complicate Social Security claiming strategies.
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Art by Melinda Beck


The conventional wisdom about how someone should draw down their various assets to maximize retirement income—used by many of the big recordkeepers in their retirement tools and calculators—is that a person should take all their taxed money first until it’s gone, and only then draw down tax-deferred money. Then, a person should take the tax-exempt dollars.

According to William Meyer, founder and managing principal of Social Security Solutions, this rule of thumb is pervasive, but new analytical tools show this is actually typically the opposite approach of what would maximize lifetime wealth for a given individual.

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Why is this? According to Meyer, when one retires, on average he will indeed drop into a lower tax bracket, because he is moving out of his prime earning years and instead starting to live off savings. But when this individual soon reaches and starts drawing full Social Security at 70—likely just a few years after retirement—that’s right about the time when required minimum distributions (RMDs) kick in. When that happens at age 72 1/2, many retirees’ income jumps pretty significantly, and as a result the Social Security benefits that they waited so patiently to claim will be taxed at potentially up to 85%, because this rate is based on overall income including withdrawals from tax-deferred retirement accounts, Meyer warns.

Given this fact, by instead first winnowing down the tax-deferred 401(k) or IRA assets, while waiting to file for full Social Security, this potentially reduces the lifetime impact of RMDs and reduces the taxes, potentially quite significantly, on the net income from Social Security.

As Meyer and others agree, Social Security claiming is always a complicated matter to discuss in the abstract, but there are some general rules and principles to know. The first consideration when it comes to maximizing Social Security income is to work for at least 35 years, as the benefit takes into consideration one’s highest 35 years of income history. The second, even more important consideration, is when to start taking Social Security. Benefits are reduced by up to 25% if an individual claims before full retirement age, but are increased by up to 35% if a person delays claiming past full retirement age, up to age 70. Roughly speaking, every year one waits to take Social Security, the benefit goes up by 8%.

Experts agree that the better one’s health and the longer the individual and spouse expect to live, the more it makes sense to take Social Security later—as long as they are not putting strain on investments. Another factor is employment. If someone plans to continue working, it may make sense to delay taking Social Security, as benefits are reduced by $1 for every $2 earned before full retirement age. This changes to $1 for every $3 earned at full retirement age for earnings over $45,360.

Recently, Edward Jones published an analysis that found that if a person decided to start taking Social Security early, at age 62, their first annual benefit would be $18,000. By age 80, adjusted for a 3% cost-of-living increase every year, that would reach $30,633. For a person whose full retirement age is 66 and starts Social Security that year, their benefits would start at $26,988 and rise to $40,812 by age 80. Someone starting their Social Security benefits at age 70 would receive $40,092 in the initial year and $53,783 by age 80.

Kimberly Blanton, author of the Squared Away Blog published by the Center for Retirement Research at Boston College, says one area where workers are not making the most of Social Security is the spousal and survivor benefits. She points to the fact that two out of three men and women in a recent survey by RAND were unaware of the fact that a divorced person who was married for at least 10 years is entitled to a deceased spouses’ survivor benefit. In fact, the divorced spouse would even get the benefit if the other spouse had remarried, Blanton notes.

“In the case of couples who were still married when the spouse died, the marriage had to last only nine months for the survivor to get the benefit,” Blanton says. “Fewer than half of the people surveyed by the RAND researchers were aware of this rule.”

According to Blanton, there is also little understanding that the Social Security survivor benefit is based on the higher-earning spouse’s work record. Today, this is still typically the husband, meaning that a wife who used to work and is collecting Social Security based on her work record is eligible to switch to her husband’s greater benefit after he dies.

“To make the switch in this particular case, the widow must file with the Social Security Administration either online or at a local office,” Blanton says. “If the wife never worked and is at retirement age, she will automatically start receiving her late-husband’s check.”

Blanton says that unmarried partners sometimes operate under a misconception too.

“Three out of four think, incorrectly, either that unmarried people can get the survivor benefit, or they don’t know,” she says. “One thing to note about this study is that Americans of all ages were surveyed, and it is not surprising that young adults would have little knowledge of program benefits intended for widows. But age doesn’t seem to bring wisdom. The results were equally dismal in a similar earlier survey of individuals who were at least 50 years old.”

Just over one-quarter of adults think they can live comfortably on Social Security alone, according to a survey by the Nationwide Retirement Institute. The survey shows 70% think they are eligible for full benefits before they actually are. On average, they incorrectly think they will be eligible for full benefits at age 63, and 26% think that even if they claim early and receive lower benefits, these benefits will rise once they reach full retirement age.

On average, retirees say they began collecting Social Security at age 62. The reason they gave for taking Social Security benefits early were to pay for living expenses (61%), to supplement their income (36%), or because they faced health issues (22%).

“Social Security is one of the most confusing retirement topics that America’s workers are facing today,” says Tina Ambrozy, president of sales and distribution at Nationwide. “Our survey reveals that fewer than one in 10 older adults know what factors determine the maximum Social Security benefit an individual can receive.”

Sixty-six percent of future retirees worry about Social Security running out of money in their lifetime. Forty percent think there will be cuts under the current administration, and 83% think the Social Security system needs to be reformed.

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