Plan Design Approaches to Help Plan Sponsors With Nondiscrimination Testing

When plan sponsors fail IRS nondiscrimination testing, they must weigh the cost-benefit trade-offs of corrective action versus funding safe harbor contributions to an employer-sponsored defined contribution plan, industry experts say.

For context, a recent study by Eric Droblyen, president and CEO of Employee Fiduciary, titled “401(k) Nondiscrimination Testing Study – What % of Plans Fail?” examined how often 401(k) plans fail IRS actual deferral percentage and actual contribution percentage nondiscrimination testing.  

“One thing I was surprised by: Automatic enrollment is held up as a way help pass the ADP test for when a plan isn’t a safe harbor, but what I found was [for] the percentage of plans without, I didn’t find that it helped,” Droblyen says.

All qualified employer-sponsored defined contribution retirement plans must submit to annual nondiscrimination testing to ensure that benefits under the plan are not unbalanced to favor officers, owners, shareholders, key employees and any employee categorized as a highly compensated employee. The actual deferral percentage test examines the average deferral rate of highly compensated employees and compares it to the average default rate of non-highly compensated employees. The actual contribution percentage test uses a similar method, except it looks at matching contributions or employee after-tax contributions.

Corrective measures for failing ADP and ACP tests include a return of excess contributions plus interest to highly compensated employees. The tests must be corrected within 12 months, but anything past 2-1/2 months results in an excise tax for late correction.

“The IRS has rules in place with regard to qualified plans that assess the extent to which highly compensated employees may disproportionately benefit from qualified plans,” says Amy Reynolds, a partner at Mercer. “To prevent that from happening, there are various numeric tests that have to be met in order to ensure that the disparity between the extent to which highly compensated employees benefit is not unacceptably disproportionate to … non-highly compensated employees.”

Testing Tacks

IRS tax-qualified employer-sponsored retirement plans can choose to be a safe harbor or non-safe harbor plan, depending on what is best for the business. Safe harbor plans allow business owners to avoid ADP and ACP testing requirements, in exchange for the employer providing, among other things, contributions to employees’ accounts that are fully vested at the time contributions are made.

Plan sponsors can select from among three safe harbor match types: a basic safe harbor match, an enhanced safe harbor match and a nonelective safe harbor.

“Through these designs, the IRS has created specific requirements on the level of employer contributions that an organization can make,” Reynolds says. “By virtue of doing so, they can eliminate the need to conduct that in testing. The first strategy, if there’s a potential for testing problems, is to consider a safe harbor plan design, and many organizations have done so and tailored their designs to meet those requirements so that they avoid the annual testing process.”

The basic safe harbor match requires employees to contribute to the employer-sponsored defined contribution plan to qualify for the employer’s match, and the employer matches 100% of the first 3% of each employee’s contribution and 50% of the next 2%.

The enhanced safe harbor, which also requires employees to contribute to the plan, must be at least as generous as the basic match. A common formula is a 100% match on the first 4% of deferred compensation.

The nonelective safe harbor does not require employees to contribute to the plan, and the employer contributes 3% of their salary, which comes directly from the business. It is not deducted from employees’ wages.

A qualified automatic contribution arrangement, meanwhile, is a safe harbor plan with auto-enrollment, with two options available under the plan design. The QACA match for eligible participants requires employees to contribute to the plan, and employees will receive a 100% employer match of the first 1% contributed and a 50% match of the next 5% contributed. The QACA nonelective contribution is when employees are not required to contribute to the plan to receive a 3% employer contribution.

Plan sponsors that select safe harbor and automatic enrollment plan designs can limit testing headaches and mitigate the risk of having to take corrective measures to be in compliance, Droblyen says.   

“If you are a [plan that is] safe harbor, you automatically pass the ADP test, so you’re paying about the same amount of money to go safe harbor as you would if you failed testing,” he explains. “If you’re top-heavy and you get to the ADP, you get the free pass on the ADP test.”

Survey Says

Droblyen’s study aimed to provide insight to plan sponsors on the benefits and drawbacks of automatic enrollment and safe harbors, and to “put some numbers to it [from] some real-life plans to convey the point, hopefully a little bit more effectively,” he explains.

The study, which examined 3,217 businesses, includes specific insights for small business plans, as small plans’ demographics are more likely to result in failures—because business owners can comprise a high percentage of plan participants at small companies, he explains.

The study shows that 32% of traditional 401(k) automatic enrollment plans failed ADP testing, and 3% failed ACP testing; among traditional 401(k) plans with no automatic enrollment, 26% failed ADP testing and 5% failed ACP testing.

“The point I’m trying to make is there’s a really good chance that you’re going be on the hook for a 3% top-heavy minimum contribution anyway, and there’s a good chance you’re going to fail the ADP test,” Droblyen says. “For the same price as that top-heavy minimum contribution, go safe harbor, fund the safe harbor contribution and get the free pass on both the ADP and top-heavy test.”

For background, Droblyen’s study explains that a 401(k) plan is considered top heavy for a plan year when the account balances of “key employees”—i.e., certain officers, owners and highly compensated employees—exceed 60% of total plan assets as of the last day of the prior plan year.

The study also found that 12% of 401(k) plans without automatic enrollment failed top-heavy testing, compared with 3% of plans with auto-enrollment; among safe harbor 401(k) plans without automatic enrollment, there was a 57% failure rate for top-heavy testing, and for safe harbor plans with auto-enrollment, 40% of plans failed top-heavy testing. 

Many plans with a safe harbor that don’t include automatic enrollment also failed top-heavy testing, says Droblyen.   

“What we’re finding—irrespective of their automatic enrollment status—[is] about 30% of plans fail,” he says. “That’s a function of the test.

“By failing a test, the HCE [highly compensated employee] average is just higher than the non-highly compensated employee average by more than the allowable amount, so it just boiled down to deferral rate,” Droblyen adds.

Test Tips

Failing ADP, ACP and top-heavy testing is not the end of the world, or an immediate and resounding grounds for the small business plan to be disqualified, as some plan sponsors have thought, Droblyen notes.

“You don’t have a problem if you fail these tests; you have a problem if you don’t correct the test,” he says.

Education on testing is key to help plan sponsors, he adds. Plan sponsors have one surefire option available to help with ADP and ACP testing, but tactics for other tests are more muddied, he explains.

“The slam dunk is to go safe harbor, but if you don’t want to fund that contribution, it’s getting your not-highly-paid people to defer at high rates—a high enough rate to support the HCE rate,” Droblyen says. “Then there might be nothing you could do about being top-heavy because—say you’ve got a really small plan with five participants and three of them are business owners, unless your nonowners are really pumping in the dough, you’re probably going to be top-heavy.”

Reynolds agrees with Droblyen’s tactics to avoid failing testing and explains that there are corrective measures for plan sponsors that don’t pass the test.

“The next thing that they can consider is to try to encourage the lower-paid population to participate in the plan,” which can be achieved through automatic enrollment, she says.

Reynolds adds, “If all of those things don’t work, and at the end of the day the organization fails testing, then there are a number of strategies that can be used, that must be used, in order to correct the disparity.”

Plan sponsors must choose from among two options to resolve the issue. The employer must either give money back to the highest-paid employees, “because in order to meet the test, they may have to decrease the average contributions made by the highest-paid individuals,” Reynolds says.

Sponsors can also choose to correct the plan imbalance by making contributions to the non-highly compensated population to increase their average savings rates.

“It’s one or the other,” she says. “If you’re not meeting the math of the test, then you either have to push down the average for the top group or you have to push up the average for the lower-paid group.”

Retirement plan advisers can also assist plan sponsors when it comes to nondiscrimination testing, Reynolds adds.

“Probably the biggest thing is [taking] more of a proactive stance,” she says. “You can’t change participation after the year has closed, right? You have to be forward-thinking about that, so organizations that are challenged with testing really need to think ahead, do projected tests and think about what changes they can implement during the current year that are going to have a positive effect.”

She adds, “Otherwise, it could take a fair amount of time before any of these strategies necessarily move the needle.”